Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection, Endoscopic Mucosal Resection, and Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery for the Management of Rectal and Anorectal Lesions: A Narrative Review

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) are modern techniques that now play a crucial role in the treatment of colorectal lesions. ESD is procedure allows for lesions any size single piece, with clear advantages regarding oncological outcomes recurrences. However, it complex technique, requiring high skills, expertise, specialized training, higher rates adverse events expected compared EMR. EMR another technique used to remove superficial gastrointestinal tumors, particularly those limited layer. It faster more accessible procedure, fewer events, although only an en-bloc measuring 15–20 mm. TAMIS surgical rectal involving insertion single-port device through anus, allowing better visualization removal tumor minimal disruption. This article reviews current applications evidence these techniques, search most adequate rectum anorectal junction, as locations possess distinct characteristics demand specific approach.